Филозофијата на Парите
СОДРЖИНА
Preface
ANALYTICAL PART
Chapter 1
Value and Money
I
Reality and value as mutually independent categories through which our conception become images of the world
The psychological fact of objective value
Objectivity in practice as standardization or as a guarantee for the totality of subjective values
Economic value as the objectification of subjective values, as a result of establishing distance between the consuming subject and the object
An analogy with aesthetic value
Economic activity establishes distances and overcomes them
II
Exchange as a means of overcoming the purely subjective value significance of an object
In exchange, objects express their value reciprocally
The value of an object becomes objectified by exchanging it for another object
Exchange as a form of life and as a condition of economic value, as a primary economic fact
Analysis of the theories of utility and scarcity
Value and price: the socially fixed price as a preliminary stage of the objectively regulated price
III
Incorporation of economic value and relativistic world view
The epistemology of relativistic world view
The construction of proofs in infinite series and their reciprocal legitimation
The objectivity of truth as well as of value viewed as a relation between subjective elements
Money as the autonomous manifestation of exchange relation which transforms desired objects into economic objects, and establishes the substitutability of objects
Analysis of the nature of money with references to its value stability, its development and its objectivity
Money as a reification of the general form of existence according to which things derive their significance from their relationship to each other
Chapter 2
The Value of Money as a Substance
I
The intrinsic value of money and the measurement of value
Problems of measurement
The quantity of effective money
Does money posses any intrinsic value?
The development of the purely symbolic character of money
II
Renunciation of the non-monetary uses of monetary material
The first argument against money as a merely a symbol: the relations of money and goods, which would make an intrinsic value for money superfluous, are not accurately determinable; intrinsic value remedies this deficiency
The second argument against money as merely a symbol: the unlimited augmentability of monetary symbols; relativistic indifference to the absolute limits of monetary quantity and the errors to which this indifference leads
The supply of money
The reciprocal nature of the limitation that reality places on pure concepts
III
The historical development of money from substance to function
Social interactions and their crystallization into separate structures; the common relations of buyer and seller to the social unit as the sociological premise of monetary intercourse
Monetary policy: largeness and smallness, diffuseness and concentration of the economic circle in their significance for the intrinsic character of money
Social interaction and exchange relations: Money’s function: its facilitation of trade, its constancy as a measure of value, its mobilization and condensation of values
The nature of economic circle and its signification for money
The transition to money’s general functional character
The declining significance of money as a substance
The increasing function of money as value
Chapter 3
Money in the Sequence of Purposes
Action towards an end as the conscious interaction between subject and object
The varying length of teleological series
The tool as intensified means
Money as a purest example of a tool
The unlimited possibilities for utilization of money
The unearned increment of wealth
The difference between the same amount of money as part of a large and of a small fortune
Money – because of its character as pure means – as peculiarly congruent with personality types that are not closely united with social groups
II
The psychological growth of means into ends
Money as the most extreme example of a means becoming an end
Money as an end depends upon the cultural tendencies of an epoch
Psychological consequences of money’s teleological position
Greed and avarice
Extravagance
Ascetic poverty
Cynicism
The blasé attitude
III
The quantity of money as its quality
Subjective differences in amounts of risk
The qualitatively different consequences of quantitatively altered causes
The threshold of economic awareness
Differential sensitivity towards economic stimuli
Relations between external stimuli and emotional responses in the filed of money
Significance of the personal unity of the owner
The material and cultural relation of form and amount
The relation between quantity and quality of things, and the significance of money for this relation
SYNTHETIC PART
Chapter 4
Individual Freedom
I
Freedom exists with conjunction with duties
The gradations of this freedom depend on whether the duties are directly personal or apply only to the products of labor
Money payment as the form of most congruent with personal freedom
The maximization of value through changes in ownership
Cultural development increases the number of persons on whom one is dependent and the simultaneous decrease in ties to persons viewed as individuals
Money is responsible for impersonal relations between people, and thus for individual freedom
II
Possession and activity
The mutual dependence of having and being
The dissolving of this dependency by the possession of money
Lack of freedom as the interweaving of the mental series: this lack at a minimum when the interweaving of either is with the most general of other series
Its application to limitations deriving from economic interests
Freedom as the articulation of the self in the medium of things, that is, freedom as possession
The possession of money and the self
III
Differentiation of person and possession
Spatial separation and technical objectification through money
The separation of the total personality from individual work activities and the results of this separation for the evaluation of these work activities
The development of individual’s independence from the group
New forms of association brought about by money; the association planned for purpose
General relations between a money economy and the principle of individualism
Chapter 5
The Money Equivalent of Personal Values
I
Wergild
The transition from the utilitarian to the objective and absolute valuation of the human being
Punishment by fine and the stages of culture
The increasing inadequacy of money
Marriage by purchase
Marriage by purchase and the value of women
Division of labor among the sexes, and the dowry
The typical relation between money and prostitution, its development analogous to that of wergild
Marriage for money
Bribery
Money and the ideal of distinction
II
The transformation of specific rights into monetary claims
The enforceability of demands
The transformation of substantive values into money values
The negative meaning of freedom and the extirpation of the personality
The difference in value between personal achievement and monetary equivalent
III
‘Labor money’ and its rationale
The unpaid contribution of mental effort
Differences in types of labor as quantitative differences
Manual labor as the unit of labor
The value of psychical activity reducible to that of mental activity
Differences in the utility of labor as arguments against ‘labor money’: the insight into the significance of money thereby afforded
Chapter 6
The Style of Life
I
The preponderance of intellectual over emotional functions brought about by the money economy
Lack of character and objectivity of the style of life
The dual roles of both intellect and money: with regard to content they are supra-personal
The dual roles of intellect and money: with regard to function they are individualistic and egoistic
Money’s relationship to the rationalism of law and logic
The calculating character of modern times
II
The concept of culture
The increase in material culture and the lag in individual culture
The objectification of mind
The division of labor as the cause of the divergence of subjective and objective culture
The occasional greater weight of subjective culture
The relation of money to the agents of these opposing tendencies
III
Alternations in the distance between the self and objects as the manifestation of varying styles of life
Modern tendencies towards the increase and diminution of this distance
The part played by money in this dual process
Credit
The pre-eminence of technology
The rhythm of symmetry, and its opposite, of the contents of life
The sequence and simultaneity of rhythm and symmetry
Analogous developments in money
The pace of life, its alternations and those of the money supply
The concentration of money activity
The mobilization of values
Constancy and flux as categories for comprehending the world, their synthesis in the relative character of existence
Afterword: The constitution of text
Index