Елементи на Етничката Психологија

СОДРЖИНА:

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION History and task of folk psychology--Its relation

to ethnology--Analytic and synthetic methods of exposition--Folk

psychology as a psychological history of the development of

mankind--Division into four main periods.

CHAPTER I--PRIMITIVE MAN

1. THE DISCOVERY OF PRIMITIVE MAN Early philosophical

hypotheses--Prehistoric remains--Schweinfurth's discovery of the

Pygmies of the Upper Congo--The Negritos of the Philippines, the

inland tribes of Malacca, the Veddahs of Ceylon.

2. THE CULTURE OF PRIMITIVE MAN IN ITS EXTERNAL EXPRESSIONS Dress,

habitation, food, weapons--Discovery of bow and arrow--Acquisition

of fire--Relative significance of the concept 'primitive.'

3. THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY Bachofen's "Mother-right"

and the hypothesis of an original promiscuity--Group-marriage and

the Malayan system of relationship--Erroneous interpretation of

these phenomena--Polygyny and polyandry--The monogamy of primitive

peoples.

4. PRIMITIVE SOCIETY The primitive horde--Its relation to the

animal herd--Single family and tribe--Lack of tribal organization.

5. THE BEGINNINGS OF LANGUAGE Languages of primitive tribes of

to-day--The gesture-language of the deaf and dumb, and of certain

peoples of nature--natural gesture-language--Its syntax--General

conclusions drawn from gesture-language.

6. THE THINKING OF PRIMITIVE MAN The Soudan languages as examples

of relatively primitive modes of thinking--The so-called 'roots'

as words--The concrete character of primitive thought--Lack of

grammatical categories--Primitive man's thinking perceptual.

7. EARLIEST BELIEFS IN MAGIC AND DEMONS Indefiniteness of the

concept 'religion'--Polytheistic and monotheistic theories of

the origin of religion--Conditions among the Pygmies--Belief

in magic and demons as the content of primitive thought--Death

and sickness--The corporeal soul--Dress and objects of personal

adornment as instruments of magic--The causality of magic.

8. THE BEGINNINGS OF ART The art of dancing among primitive

peoples--Its importance as a means of magic--Its accompaniment

by noise-instruments---The dance-song--The beginnings of

musical instruments--The bull-roarer and the rattle--Primitive

ornamentation--Relation between the imitation of objects and

simple geometrical drawings (conventionalization)--The painting of

the Bushmen--Its nature as a memorial art.

9. THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE

MAN Freedom from wants--Significance of isolation--Capacity

for observation and reflection--No inferiority as to original

endowment demonstrable--Negative nature of the morality of

primitive man--Dependence upon the environment.

CHAPTER II--THE TOTEMIC AGE

1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM The word 'totem'--Its

significance for cult--Tribal organization and the institution of

chieftainship--Tribal wars--Tribal ownership of land--The rise of

hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals.

2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE Australian culture--Its low level

of economic life--Its complicated tribal organization--Perfected

weapons--Malayo-Polynesian culture--The origin and migrations

of the Malays--Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian

mythology--The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive

features--Perfection of totemic tribal organization--Decline of

totem cults--African cultures--Increased importance of cattle

raising--Development of despotic forms of rulership--Survivals of

totemism in the Asiatic world.

3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Similarity in the tribal

organizations of the Australians and the American Indians--Totem

groups as cult associations--Retrogression in America--The totem

animal as a coat of arms--The principle of dual division--Systems

consisting of two, four, and eight groups.

4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY Unlimited and limited exogamy--Direct

and indirect maternal or paternal descent--Effects upon

marriage between relatives--Hypotheses concerning the origin of

exogamy--Hygienic theory--Marriage by capture.

5. MODES OF CONTRACTING MARRIAGE Marriage by peaceful

capture within the same kinship group--Exogamous marriage by

barter--Marriage by purchase and marriage by contract--Survivals

of marriage by capture.

6. THE CAUSES OF TOTEMIC EXOGAMY Relation of clan division to

totem groups--Totem friendships--Parental and traditional totem

alliances--The rise of exogamy with direct and with indirect

maternal or paternal descent.

7. THE FORMS OF POLYGAMY Origin of group-marriage--Chief wife and

secondary wives--Polyandry and polygyny and their combination--The

prevalence and causes of these forms of marriage.

8. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF TOTEMISM Two principles of

classification--Tribal and individual totemism--Conception

and sex totemism--Animal and plant totemism--Inanimate totems

(churingas)--Relation to ancestor worship and to fetishism.

9. THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMIC IDEAS Theories based on names--Spencer

and Lang--Frazer's theory of conception totemism as the origin of

totemism--The animal transformations of the breath soul--Relations

to soul belief--Soul animals as totem animals.

10. THE LAWS OF TABOO The concept 'taboo'--The taboo in Polynesia

--The taboo of mother-in-law and father-in-law--Connection with

couvade--The sacred and the impure--Rites of purification--Fire,

water, and magical transference.

11. SOUL BELIEFS OF THE TOTEMIC AGE The psyche as a breath and

shadow soul--Its relation to the corporeal soul--Chief bearers of

the corporeal soul--Modes of disposition of the dead.

12. THE ORIGIN OF THE FETISH Fetishes in totem cult--Attainment of

independence by fetishism--Fetishes as the earliest forms of the

divine image--Retrogressive development of cult objects--Fetish

cult as a cult of magic and demons--Amulet and talisman.

13. THE ANIMAL ANCESTOR AND THE HUMAN ANCESTOR The Mura-Mura

legends of the Australians--The animal ancestor--Transition to the

human ancestor--Relation to disposal of the corpse and to cults of

the dead--Surviving influences of totemism in ancestor cult.

14. THE TOTEMIC CULTS Customs relating to disposition of

the corpse and to sacrifices to the dead--Initiation into

manhood--Vegetation cults--Australian Intichiuma festivals--Cults

of the soil at the stage of hoe-culture--Underlying factor of

community of labour--Unification of cult purposes and their

combination with incipient deity cults.

15. THE ART OF THE TOTEMIC AGE Tatooing--Ceramics--Construction

of dwellings--Pole-houses--The ceremonial dance--Instruments of

concussion and wind Instruments--Cult-songs and work-songs--The

märchen-myth and its developmental forms.

CHAPTER III--THE AGE OF HEROES AND GODS

1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE HEROIC AGE Significance of the

individual personality--The hero an ideal human being, the god an

ideal hero--Changes in economic life and in society--The rise of

the State.

2. THE EXTERNAL CULTURE OF THE HEROIC AGE Folk migration and

the founding of States--Plough-culture--Breeding of domestic

animals--The wagon--The taming of cattle--The ox as a draught

animal--The production of milk--Relation of these achievements to

cult--Warfare and weapons--Rise of private property--Colonization

and trade.

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SOCIETY The place of the State

in the general development of society--The duodecimal and the

decimal systems in the organization of political society--The mark

community and military organization.

4. FAMILY ORGANIZATION WITHIN POLITICAL SOCIETY The joint

family--The patriarchal family--Paternal descent and paternal

dominance--Reappearance of the monogamous family.

5. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CLASSES Common property and private

property--The conquering race and the subjugated population--

Distinction in rank and property--The influence of State and of

legal system.

6. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF VOCATIONS The priesthood as combining

class and vocation--Military and political activity--Agriculture

and the lower vocations---The gradual equalization of respect

accorded to vocations.

7. THE ORIGIN OF CITIES The original development of the

city--Castle and temple as the signs of a city--The guardian deity

of city and State--Secondary developments.

8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM Custom and law--Civil law as

the original province of law--Political and religious factors--The

council of elders and the chieftain--The arbitrator and the

appointed judge--The religious sanction of legal practices.

9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL LAW Blood revenge and its

replacement--Wergild--Right of sanctuary--Development of

imprisonment out of private custody of wrongdoer--The _Jus

Talionis_--Increase in complexity of rewards and punishments.

10. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEGAL FUNCTIONS Division of the

judicial function--Influence of social organization--Logical

classification of forms of the State lacking in genetic

significance--Development of constitutions out of history and

custom.

11. THE ORIGIN OF GODS Degeneration theories and developmental

theories--Hypotheses of an original monotheism or

polytheism--Theory based on nature-mythology--Demon theory of

Usener--Characteristics distinguishing the god from the demon and

the hero--The god as the result of a fusion of ideal hero and

demon.

12. THE HERO SAGA The hero of saga and the hero of märchen--The

purely mythical and the historical hero saga--Magic in märchen and

saga--The religious legend--The saint legend.

13. COSMOGONIC AND THEOGONIC MYTHS The gods as demoniacal

beings--Their struggle with the demons of earliest times--Myths of

creation--Sagas of flood and of universal conflagration--Myths of

world-destruction.

14. THE BELIEF IN SOULS AND IN A WORLD BEYOND Sequence of

ideas of the beyond--The spirit-village--The islands of

the blessed--Myths of the underworld--Distinction between

dwelling-places of souls--Elysium--The underworld and the

celestial regions--Purgatory--Cults of the beyond--The conception

of salvation--Transmigration of souls.

15. THE ORIGIN OF DEITY CULTS Relation of myth and cult--Religious

significance of cult--Vegetation cults--Union of cult

purposes--Mystery cults.

16. THE FORMS OF CULT PRACTICES Prayer--Conjuration and the prayer

of petition--Prayer of thanksgiving--Praise--The penitential

psalm--Sacrifice--Purpose of sacrifice originally magical--Jewish

peace-offering and sin-offering--Development of conception

of gift--Connection between value and sacrifice--Votive and

consecration gifts--Sacrifice of the first fruits--Sanctification

ceremonies--Means of lustration as means of sanctification--Water

and fire--Baptism and circumcision--Magical sanctification--Human

sacrifice as a means of sanctification.

17. THE ART OF THE HEROIC AGE Temple and palace--The human

figure as the subject of formative art--Art as generic and as

individualizing--The appreciation of the significant--Expression

of subjective mood in landscape painting--The epic--Its influence

upon the cult-song--The drama--Music as an accessory and as an

independent art.

CHAPTER IV--THE DEVELOPMENT TO HUMANITY

1. THE CONCEPT 'HUMANITY' Herder's idea of humanity as the goal of

history--The concepts 'mankind' and 'human nature'--Humanity as a

value-concept--The idea of a cultural community of mankind and its

developmental forms.

2. WORLD EMPIRES The empires of Egypt and of Western Asia--The

monarch as ruler of the world--The ruler as deity--Apotheosis

of deceased rulers--Underlying cause of formation of

empires--Disappearance of world empires from history.

3. WORLD CULTURE The world dominion of Alexander--Greek

as the universal language--Writing and speech as factors

of culture--Travel as symptomatic of culture--Hellenistic

world culture and its results--The culture of the

Renaissance--Cosmopolitanism and individualism.

4. WORLD RELIGIONS Unity of the world of gods--Cult of Æsculapius

and cults of the beyond--Their transition into redemption

cults--Buddhism and Christianity--Development of the idea of a

superpersonal deity--The incarnate god as the representative of

this deity--Three aspects of the concept 'representative.'

5. WORLD HISTORY Twofold significance of the concept

'history'--History as self-conscious experience--The rôle of

will in history--Prehistoric and historic periods--Influence of

world culture and world religions on the rise of the historical

consciousness--The philosophy of history--Its relation to a

psychological history of the development of mankind.

INDEX(изв. проект Гутенберг)